Belief in the Swirls of Our Age

Belief in the Swirls of Our Age 

by David Novák


...Study of History - Arnold Toynbee Toynbee selected 21 world civilizations in his study, of which 16 (according to the author) have perished. He found out that only rarely an empire fell as a result of military defeat by another civilization. He claims that the empires rather underwent a "cultural suicide" at some point of their history. He basically gives five reasons for this cultural suicide, or in other words, breakdown of the empires.

1) Residents have fallen into a state of depravity (in the sense of moral freedom). Toynbee describes this state as a state of mind in which people consciously or unconsciously accept the idea that they don’t need to follow any "higher" law (Antinomismus). In other words, people stopped believing in the need for morality and rather began to follow their instincts.

2) People succumbed to idleness, specifically so that they fled from the daily problems to the distraction and entertainment at any cost.

3) People have succumbed to the feeling that their effort does not make sense and that they don’t have control over their lives - they are rather a part of some impersonal machine.

4) Toynbee speaks further on the overall feeling of selfloath arising from the moral depravity.

5) The last thing, which led to the downfall of civilizations is promiscuity is not only in the sexual sense, but rather the unquestioning acceptance of almost anything, a kind of unquestioning tolerance in religion, literature, language and customs.



Contents:

Introduction:
Part I:
Will history repeat itself?
Proletariat vs. kognitariát, cleverness or wisdom?
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?
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Information, information ...
Unquestioning docility
Instability and change
Responding to changes
Will we enjoy ourselves to death?
The crisis of fatherhood

Sex and game as a substitute for religion
Cult of youth
Loss of role models
Communism in us
Czechs - "The nation to itself" or "In God we trust"?
(„The nation to itself“ is an inscription in the National Theatre in Prague. The money for the building came from a public gathering.) America - our role model?


Part II:
What to do?
Time and a sense of finality
Life as a gift
Living in freedom
Wisdom and flood of words
Truth, faith, reliance
Awareness of own value
Choice
Desert


Conclusion - the silent God



A Study of History - Arnold J. Toynbee .




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Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Harvard University

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Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Episode 01 "THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER"


PART ONE: THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER
If you had to choose between
(1) killing one person to save the lives of five others and
(2) doing nothing even though you knew that five people would die right before your eyes if you did nothing—what would you do? What would be the right thing to do?
Thats the hypothetical scenario Professor Michael Sandel uses to launch his course on moral reasoning. After the majority of students votes for killing the one person in order to save the lives of five others, Sandel presents three similar moral conundrums—each one artfully designed to make the decision more difficult. As students stand up to defend their conflicting choices, it becomes clear that the assumptions behind our moral reasoning are often contradictory, and the question of what is right and what is wrong is not always black and white.

PART TWO: THE CASE FOR CANNIBALISM

Sandel introduces the principles of utilitarian philosopher, Jeremy Bentham, with a famous nineteenth century legal case involving a shipwrecked crew of four. After nineteen days lost at sea, the captain decides to kill the weakest amongst them, the young cabin boy, so that the rest can feed on his blood and body to survive. The case sets up a classroom debate about the moral validity of utilitarianism—and its doctrine that the right thing to do is whatever produces "the greatest good for the greatest number."





Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Episode 02: "PUTTING A PRICE TAG ON LIFE"


PART ONE: PUTTING A PRICE TAG ON LIFE

Today, companies and governments often use Jeremy Benthams utilitarian logic under the name of cost-benefit analysis. Sandel presents some contemporary cases in which cost-benefit analysis was used to put a dollar value on human life. The cases give rise to several objections to the utilitarian logic of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number. Should we always give more weight to the happiness of a majority, even if the majority is cruel or ignoble? Is it possible to sum up and compare all values using a common measure like money?

PART TWO: HOW TO MEASURE PLEASURE

Sandel introduces J.S. Mill, a utilitarian philosopher who attempts to defend utilitarianism against the objections raised by critics of the doctrine. Mill argues that seeking the greatest good for the greatest number is compatible with protecting individual rights, and that utilitarianism can make room for a distinction between higher and lower pleasures. Mills idea is that the higher pleasure is always the pleasure preferred by a well-informed majority. Sandel tests this theory by playing video clips from three very different forms of entertainment: Shakespeares Hamlet, the reality show Fear Factor, and The Simpsons. Students debate which experience provides the higher pleasure, and whether Mills defense of utilitarianism is successful

Philosophy & Ethics Part 1 - Lecture By Professor Dr. Werner Krieglstein

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